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Smartphone Review Of Literature
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Literature Review On Online Shopping Experience
8 Literature Review This chapter presents a review of relevant literature regarding fare payment technology, specifically mobile fare payment apps, and is organized into two sections. The first section reviews previous studies from TCRP. This section briefly summarizes past TCRP reports that provide important background information on transit fare policy and technology, and provides more detailed summaries of two recent TCRP studies that focus on new fare payment technologies. were The second section summarizes academic articles, conference proceedings, and university reports specifically related to mobile fare payment apps. Prior Research from the Transit Cooperative Research Program This section summarizes relevant prior research on pricing policy and fare payment techniques from the TCRP. Over the past 25 years, several TCRP studies have explored pricing system trends and technologies. Related TCRP studies are displayed chronologically in the Related TCRP Studies text box list. The first three studies provided important background information on tariff policy and widely used tariff techniques, and each is summarized in this section. The fourth and fifth studies cited in the text box (TCRP Report 177 and TCRP Synthesis 125) are particularly relevant to this report because they include important discussions of mobile technologies that can be used for fare payment. These two studies are summarized in greater detail because of their relevance. A sixth study on multimodal fares was conducted in parallel with this study and, due to the current time frame, has not been summarized. TCRP Report 10: Fare Policies, Structures, and Technologies reviewed the pricing policy, fare structure, and fare technology options used by transit agencies (Fleishman et al., 1996). A structure with three main components was established. 1. Fare Policy: These are the principles, objectives and limits for determining and charging fares. 2. Tariff Strategy: This is the approach of common fare collection and payment structure, such as flat rates or differential pricing. 3. Rate structure: It is a combination of one or more rate strategies with specific rate levels. C H A P T E R 2 List of Related TCRP Studies ¢ 1996 TCRP Report 10: Pricing Policies, Structures, and Technologies ¢ 1998 TCRP Report 32: Multipurpose Transit Payment Media ¢ 2003 TCRP Policies, and TCRP Policies 94: Fare Updates ¢ 2015 TCRP Report 177: Public Transportation Preliminary Strategic Analysis of Next-Generation Fare Payment Systems for ¢ 2017 TCRP Synthesis 125: Multiagency Electronic Fare Payment Systems ¢ 2020 MultiCRP Synthesis 125
Literature Review 9 TCRP Report 32: Multipurpose Transit Payment Media examined advances in payment technology, particularly smart cards that allow fares to be used for multiple transit systems or non-transit functions (Fleishman et al., 1998). Two different environments were identified for multi-purpose rentals, open or closed (see text box). Five important issues to consider when establishing a multifunctional program were identified as (1) institutional and financial, (2) legal and regulatory, (3) operational and managerial, (4) technical, and (5) customer-related. . As the name suggests, TCRP Report 94: Pricing Policies, Structures, and Technologies: Update TCRP Report 10 (Multisystems, Inc. et al., 2003). In this report, the key parameters (policy, structure and technology) of a fare system were discussed in detail and their interrelationships were identified. These three main criteria can be summarized as follows: 1. Fare Policy: Similar to TCRP Report 10, fare policy was said to establish principles and goals that guide a transit agency’s fare-related decisions. and guides. 2. Pricing Structure: It was divided into three parts as follows: a. Price structure. Rent Strategy: This includes general approach to base rent (eg flat rent vs. differentiated rent) and transfer policy. b. Payment options: These were different forms of payment, such as season tickets or multiride tickets. Payment options will be shown as fares in the report below. c. Fare Levels: These were the actual fare levels paid by transit riders. 3. Technology: It was divided into two parts as follows: a. Type of Fare Collection: This refers to the manner in which the fare was verified or inspected (eg barriers, conductor verified, etc.). b. Media of value: This was the instrument used for payment, such as a token, magnetic stripe card or smart card. TCRP Report 177: Initial Strategic Analysis of Next-Generation Fare Payment Systems for Public Transportation provided a detailed summary of new and emerging technologies used in transit fare payment systems (Walischek et al., 2015). The authors present a system-level transit fare payment design framework and identify the following four key design features. They are (1) single and multiple transit agency operating environments, (2) proprietary fare payment systems versus standards-based systems that adhere to data and technology specifications used by the financial payment industry, (3) closed payment systems versus open payments. systems, and (4) card-based versus account-based systems. The last two features are particularly relevant to this report and are further detailed in the text box to the right. In TCRP Report 177, the authors also identified four types of mobile technologies that can be used for ticket payment and authentication, which are described below. ▶ Type 1: Flash Pass and QR Barcodes Flash Pass systems use smartphone apps to mimic paper tickets. When a passenger boards a transit vehicle, a smartphone screen displaying the ticket is presented to the operator or conductor in a closed environment: a “transit-only” payment program, which may be one or more transit agencies that provide fares. Issue and/or accept. Open Environment: A comprehensive program in which the transit agency accepts media issued by one or more non-transit organizations, such as a bank or university. Open Payment System: A fare payment system that can accept third-party payment media such as bank cards. Open industry interface standards and specifications are often used. Account-based system: Transit fare payment system where the fare connects the transit rider with information in the account. The price value is not recorded on the ticket price, which is typical for card-based systems, but is instead stored in a separate account. Pricing is usually done in the back office of the transit system.
10 Business models for mobile fare app visual authentication such as “Flash Pass” featuring fare collection systems. The ticket screen typically includes dynamic security features such as a moving animation, a countdown, or a changing “color of the day” to prevent users from creating counterfeit electronic tickets through screenshots or other means. It can also be accompanied by a machine-readable two-dimensional QR barcode that can be scanned by a handheld validator or smartphone. This type of mobile fare payment technology is now widely used in the United States (Ali et al., 2017; Sione et al., 2016). ¢ Type 2: Near Field Communication Near Field Communication (NFC) uses radio frequency communication to exchange data over short distances. When used for fare collection, an NFC chip in a phone can be “tapped” by transit users at fares or other readers. One way to use NFC payments on transit systems is with products like Apple Pay, Google Pay, and Samsung Pay. ¢ Type 3: Short Message Service Short Message Service (SMS) can be used to deliver transit tickets to mobile phones via SMS. In this model, transit users send an SMS to the transit agency, which responds with a code for a specific fare type. The SMS ticket can then be presented to inspectors or conductors for visual verification. Although this model is used in many European cities (Apanasevic & Markendahl, 2017; Apanacevic & Markendahl, 2018), it is not common in the United States. ¢ Type 4: Passive Mobile Technology The final type uses mobile payment technologies such as Bluetooth Smart or Bluetooth Low Energy to enable passive interaction between a transit user’s smartphone and the ticket reader. It’s called passive technology because users don’t need to physically interact with their phone to make a payment. This type of mobile technology has not yet been widely adopted in the United States; There is some limited rollout in Europe. The authors of TCRP Report 177 also presented a detailed comparison of these four mobile fare payment technologies, which is shown in Table 1. A more recent relevant TCRP publication is TCRP Synthesis 125: Multiagency Electronic Fair Payment Systems (Okuniff, 2017). This study focuses on new electronic fare payment systems for multi-modal and multi-agency environments. When an overview is presented